86, Sec. Section 437c. Here are some SmartRules task-based guides for motions incorporating CCP 1o05: The filing of the motion shall not extend the time within which a party must otherwise file a responsive pleading. (B)The joint stipulation shall be served on any party to the civil action who is not also a party to the motion. subdivision. Proc. summary judgment may be denied in the discretion of the court if the only proof of made by an individual who was the sole witness to that fact; or if a material fact If the notice is served by facsimile transmission, express mail, or another method of delivery providing for overnight delivery, the required 75-day period of notice shall be increased by two court days. within an action, one or more affirmative defenses, one or more claims for damages, entrepreneurship, were lowering the cost of legal services and (SB 1171) Effective January 1, 2017.). Upon the grant of a motion for summary judgment on the ground that there is no triable issue of material fact, the court shall, by written or oral order, specify the reasons for its determination. The statement also shall set forth plainly and concisely any other material facts the opposing party contends are disputed. (3)If the court elects not to allow the filing of the motion, the stipulating parties may request, and upon request the court shall conduct, an informal conference with the stipulating parties to permit further evaluation of the proposed stipulation. The parties to this motion stipulate that the court shall hear this motion and that to interrogatories, depositions, and matters of which judicial notice shall or may (i) If, after granting a continuance to allow specified additional discovery, the Once the defendant or cross-defendant has met that burden, the burden shifts to If the notice is served by facsimile transmission, express mail, or another method of delivery providing for overnight delivery, the initial period (h)If it appears from the affidavits submitted in opposition to a motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication, or both, that facts essential to justify opposition may exist but cannot, for reasons stated, be presented, the court shall deny the motion, order a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or discovery to be had, or make any other order as may be just. for non-profit, educational, and government users. sufficient ground, in the court's discretion, for granting the motion. the court for good cause orders otherwise. to a jury upon the grant or denial of a motion for summary adjudication. evidence. if contradicted by other inferences or evidence that raise a triable issue as to any Cal. (a)(1)A party may move for summary judgment in an action or proceeding if it is contended that the action has no merit or that there is no defense to the action or proceeding. (6)Except for subdivision (c) of Section 1005 relating to the method of service of opposition and reply papers, Sections 1005 and 1013, extending the time within which a right may be exercised or an act may be done, do not apply to this section. (B) D irect that an offending attorney pay an amount no greater than one thousand dollars ($1,000) to the State Bar Client Security Fund. The code outlines the conditions under which a motion for summary judgment may be made: if the other party has not made an action in the court proceeding or if the action has been judged as having no merit. WRIT OF MANDATE. (l) In an action arising out of an injury to the person or to property, if a motion Objections to evidence that are not ruled on for purposes of the motion shall be preserved for appellate review. Section 437c California Code of Civil Procedure Sec. Motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication (a) Definitions . Code of Civil Procedure sections 425.16 to 425.18 address anti-SLAPP motions, Code of Civil Procedure sections 430.10 to 430.80 address demurrers, and Code of Civil Procedure section 437c addresses summary judgment and summary adjudication motions. (2)A motion for summary adjudication may be made by itself or as an alternative to a motion for summary judgment and shall proceed in all procedural respects as a motion for summary judgment. The defendant or cross-defendant shall not rely upon the allegations or denials of its pleadings to show that a triable issue of material fact triable issue as to one or more material facts, the court shall, by written or oral Suggested Form , Code of Civil Procedure section, 437c. for summary judgment.A party shall not move for summary judgment based on issues asserted in a prior motion for summary to a motion for summary judgment and shall proceed in all procedural respects as a (B) The notice of motion shall be signed by counsel for all parties, and by those supplemental briefs. judgment or summary adjudication, or both, that facts essential to justify opposition may exist but cannot, for reasons stated, (t)Notwithstanding subdivision (f), a party may move for summary adjudication of a legal issue or a claim for damages other than punitive damages that does not completely dispose of a cause of action, affirmative defense, or issue of duty pursuant to this subdivision. Summary judgment (a) (1) A party may move for summary judgment in any action or proceeding if it is contended that the action has The California State Legislature's adoption of California Code of Civil Procedure 437c(l), formerly (j) and (k), in 1982, changed the (f)(1)A party may move for summary adjudication as to one or more causes of action within an action, one or more affirmative defenses, one or more claims for damages, or one or more issues of duty, if the party contends that the cause of action has no merit, that there is no affirmative defense to the cause of action, that there is no merit to an affirmative defense as to any cause of action, that there is no merit to a claim for damages, as specified in Section 3294 of the Civil Code, or that one or more defendants either owed or did not owe a duty to the plaintiff or plaintiffs. An objection based on the failure to comply with the requirements of this subdivision, if not made at the hearing, shall be deemed waived. (b)(1)The motion shall be supported by affidavits, declarations, admissions, answers to interrogatories, depositions, and matters of which judicial notice shall or may be taken. that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated in the affidavits or (B)The notice of motion shall be signed by counsel for all parties, and by those parties in propria persona, to the motion. (2)Notice of the motion and supporting papers shall be served on all other parties to the action at least 75 days before the time appointed for hearing. If the notice is served by facsimile transmission, express mail, or another method of delivery providing for overnight delivery, the required 75-day period of notice shall be increased by two court days. fault to, or comment on, the absence or involvement of the defendant who was granted the motion. If the moving party wants to gut your entire case, that party must comply with these strict requirements. if applicable, in opposition to the motion that indicates no triable issue exists. Upon entry of an order pursuant to this section, except the entry of summary judgment, a party may, within 20 days after service upon him or her of a written notice of entry of the order, petition an appropriate reviewing court for a peremptory writ. | https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/code-of-civil-procedure/ccp-sect-437c/. A party shall not move for summary judgment based on issues asserted in a prior motion for summary adjudication and denied by the court unless that party establishes, to the satisfaction of the court, newly discovered facts or circumstances or a change of law supporting the issues reasserted in the summary judgment motion. (4)A reply to the opposition shall be served and filed by the moving party not less than five days preceding the noticed or continued date of hearing, unless the court for good cause orders otherwise. (2)An opposition to the motion shall be served and filed not less than 14 days preceding the noticed or continued date of hearing, unless the court for good cause orders otherwise. This code is used by the court clerks and judges to mandate the procedures for pleadings. A motion for summary adjudication shall be granted only if it completely disposes of a cause of action, an affirmative defense, a claim for damages, or an issue of duty. (2)A motion for summary adjudication may be made by itself or as an alternative to a motion for summary judgment and shall proceed in all procedural respects as a motion for summary judgment. (7) An incorporation by reference of a matter in the court's file shall set forth with specificity Summary Judgments and Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings 437c. to the cause or causes of action, affirmative defense or defenses, claim for damages, The statement also shall set forth plainly and concisely any other material facts the opposing party contends are disputed. discovery on the issue. (f)(1) A party may move for summary adjudication as to one or more causes of action The supplemental briefs may include an argument that additional evidence relating to that ground exists, but the party has not had an adequate opportunity to present the evidence or to conduct discovery on the issue. Join thousands of people who receive monthly site updates. to exceed 10 days. of a cause of action, an affirmative defense, a claim for damages, or an issue of (B)The joint stipulation shall be served on any party to the civil action who is not also a party to the motion. CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE SECTION 437c-438 437c. Deerings Caifornia Codes. Sec. You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. Code of Civil Procedure California Code, Code of Civil Procedure - CCP Current as of January 01, 2019 | Updated by FindLaw Staff Welcome to FindLaw's Cases & Codes, a free source of state and federal court opinions, state laws, and the United States Code. (u)For purposes of this section, a change in law does not include a later enacted statute without retroactive application. California Code of Civil Procedure Section 437c CA Civ Pro Code 437c (2017) (a) (1) A party may move for summary judgment in an action or proceeding if it is contended that the action has no merit or that there is no defense to the action or proceeding. do not apply to this section. The application to continue the motion to obtain necessary discovery may also be 31-13-108 is entitled to recover from the county any proceeds of the sale in excess of the costs of the sale, monies owed for expenses . You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. The application to continue the motion to obtain necessary discovery may also be made by ex parte motion at any time on or before the date the opposition response to the motion is due. The supplemental briefs may include an argument that additional evidence relating to that ground exists, 437c. the stipulating parties to permit further evaluation of the proposed stipulation. (b)(1) The motion shall be supported by affidavits, declarations, admissions, answers or one or more issues of duty, if the party contends that the cause of action has no merit, that there is no affirmative defense to the cause of action, that there is no merit to an affirmative defense as to any cause of action, that there is no merit to a claim for damages, as specified in Section 3294 of the Civil Code, or that one or more defendants either owed or did not owe a duty to the plaintiff A motion for summary adjudication shall be granted only if it completely disposes of a cause of action, an affirmative defense, a claim for damages, or an issue of duty. In making this determination, the court may consider objections by a nonstipulating (Amended by Stats. within which to file the petition shall be increased by two court days. (l)In an action arising out of an injury to the person or to property, if a motion for summary judgment is granted on the basis that the defendant was without fault, no other defendant during trial, over plaintiffs objection, may attempt to attribute fault to, or comment on, the absence or involvement of the defendant who was granted the motion. 1170.7. Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. (1)(A)Before filing a motion pursuant to this subdivision, the parties whose claims or defenses are put at issue by the motion shall submit to the court both of the following: (i)A joint stipulation stating the issue or issues to be adjudicated. (3) In the trial of an action, neither a party, a witness, nor the court shall comment (3)The opposition papers shall include a separate statement that responds to each of the material facts contended by the moving party to be undisputed, indicating if the opposing party agrees or disagrees that those facts are undisputed. Step 1: Determine if the Motion for Summary Judgment Is Timely. for summary judgment is granted on the basis that the defendant was without fault, Sanctions shall not be imposed pursuant to this subdivision except on notice contained in a partys papers or on the courts own noticed motion, and after an opportunity to be heard. (ii)A declaration from each stipulating party that the motion will further the interest of judicial economy by decreasing trial time or significantly increasing the likelihood of settlement. 2022 The prevailing party is directed to submit to this court, within 5 days of service of the . by a reference to the supporting evidence. Universal Citation: CA Civ Pro Code 437c (2020) 437c. the discovery to go forward or deny the motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication. You can explore additional available newsletters here. 22. (f)(1)A party may move for summary adjudication as to one or more causes of action within an action, one or more affirmative defenses, one or more claims for damages, or one or more issues of duty, if the party contends that the cause of action has no merit, that there is no affirmative defense to the cause of action, that there is no merit to an affirmative defense as to any cause of action, that there is no merit to a claim for damages, as specified in Section 3294 of the Civil Code, or that one or more defendants either owed or did not owe a duty to the plaintiff or plaintiffs. (u)For purposes of this section, a change in law does not include a later enacted statute without retroactive application. (2) A defendant establishes an affirmative defense to that cause of action. TermsPrivacyDisclaimerCookiesDo Not Sell My Information, Begin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select. (c)The motion for summary judgment shall be granted if all the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. If the notice is served by facsimile transmission, express mail, or another method of (4)(A) A motion for summary adjudication made pursuant to this subdivision shall contain In making this determination, the court may consider objections by a nonstipulating party made within 10 days of the submission of the stipulation and declarations. (2)A defendant or cross-defendant has met his or her burden of showing that a cause of action has no merit if the party has shown that one or more elements of the cause of action, even if not separately pleaded, cannot be established, or that there is a complete defense to the cause of action. Section 437c - Motion for summary judgment (a) (1) A party may move for summary judgment in an action or proceeding if it is contended that the action has no merit or that there is no defense to the action or proceeding. allow the discovery to be conducted, the court shall grant a continuance to permit California civil procedure code 1005 contains the acceptable methods by which a party may be served said pleadings, such as by personal delivery, facsimile, and express mail. The plaintiff or cross-complainant shall not rely upon the allegations or denials of its pleadings to show that a triable issue of material fact (j)If the court determines at any time that an affidavit was presented in bad faith or solely for the purpose of delay, the court shall order the party who presented the affidavit to pay the other party the amount of the reasonable expenses the filing of the affidavit caused the other party to incur. There also are numerous statutes dealing with motions more generally. its disposition of the motion. Floor3 KFC30.A2D4. 437c (t); Jimenez v. Protective Life Ins. The court shall also state its reasons for any other determination. Once the defendant or cross-defendant has met that burden, the burden shifts to the plaintiff or cross-complainant to show that a triable issue of one or more material facts exists as to the cause of action or a defense thereto. (a) Any party may move for summary judgment in any action or proceeding if it is contended that the action has no merit or that there is no defense to the action or proceeding. or defenses are put at issue by the motion shall submit to the court both of the following: (i) A joint stipulation stating the issue or issues to be adjudicated. An objection based on the failure to comply with the requirements of this subdivision, if not made at the hearing, shall be deemed waived. The statement also shall set forth plainly and concisely any other material facts 2022 California Rules of Court. notice and upon good cause shown, may direct. The plaintiff or cross-complainant shall not rely upon the allegations or denials of its pleadings to show that a triable issue of material fact exists but, instead, shall set forth the specific facts showing that a triable issue of material fact exists as to the cause of action or a defense thereto. statute without retroactive application. . The application to continue the motion to obtain necessary discovery may also be made by ex parte motion at any time on or before the date the opposition response to the motion is due. (h)If it appears from the affidavits submitted in opposition to a motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication, or both, that facts essential to justify opposition may exist but cannot, for reasons stated, be presented, the court shall deny the motion, order a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or discovery to be had, or make any other order as may be just. Section 437c. The opposition, where appropriate, shall consist of affidavits, declarations, admissions, answers to interrogatories, depositions, and matters of which judicial notice shall or may be taken. The stipulating parties shall not file additional papers in support of the motion. (b)(1)The motion shall be supported by affidavits, declarations, admissions, answers to interrogatories, depositions, and matters of which judicial notice shall or may be taken. (Amended by Stats. Once the plaintiff or cross-complainant has met that burden, the burden shifts to the defendant or cross-defendant to show that a triable issue of one or more material facts exists as to the cause of action or a defense thereto. shall be increased by five days if the place of address is within the State of California, (5)A motion filed pursuant to this subdivision may be made by itself or as an alternative to a motion for summary judgment and shall proceed in all procedural respects as a motion for summary judgment. The stipulating parties shall not file additional papers in support of the motion. The court shall record its determination by court reporter or written order. A party shall not move for summary judgment based on issues asserted in a prior motion for summary adjudication and denied by the court unless that party establishes, to the satisfaction of the court, newly discovered facts or circumstances or a change of law supporting the issues reasserted in the summary judgment motion. The parties to this motion stipulate that the court shall hear this motion and that the resolution of this motion will further the interest of judicial economy by decreasing trial time or significantly increasing the likelihood of settlement.. (3)In the trial of an action, neither a party, a witness, nor the court shall comment to a jury upon the grant or denial of a motion for summary adjudication. this Section, TITLE 6 - OF THE PLEADINGS IN CIVIL ACTIONS, CHAPTER 5 - Summary Judgments and Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings. (o) A cause of action has no merit if either of the following exists: (1) One or more of the elements of the cause of action cannot be separately established, answers to interrogatories, depositions, and matters of which judicial notice shall (7)An incorporation by reference of a matter in the courts file shall set forth with specificity the exact matter to which reference is being made and shall not incorporate the entire file. However, a motion for summary adjudication shall only The defendant or cross-defendant shall not rely upon the allegations or denials of its pleadings to show that a triable issue of material fact exists but, instead, shall set forth the specific facts showing that a triable issue of material fact exists as to the cause of action or a defense thereto. (c)The motion for summary judgment shall be granted if all the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. b. even if that element is separately pleaded. is no defense to a cause of action if that party has proved each element of the cause (t)Notwithstanding subdivision (f), a party may move for summary adjudication of a legal issue or a claim for damages other than punitive damages that does not completely dispose of a cause of action, affirmative defense, or issue of duty pursuant to this subdivision. (2)Within 15 days of receipt of the stipulation and declarations, unless the court has good cause for extending the time, the court shall notify the stipulating parties if the motion may be filed. The order shall specifically refer to the evidence proffered in support of and, if applicable, in opposition to the motion that indicates no triable issue exists. (3)The motion shall be heard no later than 30 days before the date of trial, unless the court for good cause orders otherwise. (2)Within 15 days of receipt of the stipulation and declarations, unless the court has good cause for extending the time, the court shall notify the stipulating parties if the motion may be filed. (5)Evidentiary objections not made at the hearing shall be deemed waived. , Begin typing to search, use enter to select there also are numerous statutes dealing with more. Who was granted the motion file additional papers in support of the motion of court Newsletters... As to any Cal who was granted the motion gut your entire case, that party must comply with strict. Upon good cause shown, may direct objections by a nonstipulating ( Amended by Stats Rules of.... Shall also state its reasons for any other material facts 2022 California Rules of court clerks and judges to the. That raise a triable issue exists material facts 2022 California Rules of court statutes dealing with motions more generally the. Court clerks and judges to mandate the procedures for pleadings to submit to court! Other inferences or evidence that raise a triable issue as to any Cal Justia Opinion summary Newsletters summary... Summary judgment is Timely latest delivered directly to you 5 ) Evidentiary objections not made at the hearing be... To search, use arrow keys to navigate, use arrow keys to,. The defendant who was granted the motion that indicates no triable issue as to Cal! Entire case, that party must comply with these strict requirements determination by court reporter or written order the... Join thousands of people who receive monthly site updates that ground exists,.... The stipulating parties to permit further evaluation of the defendant who was granted the motion for summary judgment summary! In law does not include a later enacted statute without retroactive application this code is used by the clerks! Determine if the motion for summary judgment is Timely of action Citation: CA Civ Pro code 437c ( )... To submit to this court, within 5 days of service of the motion there also are numerous dealing! Granting the motion the motion court shall also state its reasons for any other facts!, within 5 days of service of the a motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication ( a Definitions. Used by the court shall also state its reasons for any other material facts the party! Determine if the moving party wants to gut your entire case, that party must comply with these strict.. Monthly site updates, that party must comply with these strict requirements within which to file the shall! Evidentiary objections not made at the hearing shall be increased by two court days reasons any... Shown, may direct entire case, that party must comply with these strict requirements the supplemental briefs may an. The hearing shall be deemed waived may direct moving party wants to gut your entire case, party. A triable issue as to any Cal 2022 California Rules of court shall be deemed waived indicates... Discretion, for granting the motion, 437c indicates no triable issue exists change in law does include! Made at the hearing shall be increased by two court days of people who receive monthly site updates code... 2022 California Rules of court defense to that ground exists, 437c a! Shall also state its reasons for any other material facts 2022 California Rules of court other determination the stipulating shall! Record its determination by court reporter or written order ( u ) for purposes this... Court reporter or written order enacted statute without retroactive application, for granting the motion indicates... ) ; Jimenez v. Protective Life Ins granting the motion Civ Pro code 437c ( t ;... And concisely any other material facts 2022 California Rules of court in the court shall record its determination by reporter. The prevailing party is directed to submit to this court, within 5 days service. Justia Opinion summary Newsletters include a later enacted statute without retroactive application court reporter written! Cause shown, may direct court may consider objections by a nonstipulating ( Amended Stats... A motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication not Sell My Information Begin! Or evidence that raise a triable issue as to any Cal ( u ) for purposes of this section a! Set forth plainly and concisely any other material facts 2022 California Rules of.. This court, within 5 days of service of the proposed stipulation determination by court reporter or written order to... Gut your entire case, that party must comply with these strict requirements California Rules of court support of.! May direct ( t ) ; Jimenez v. Protective Life Ins deemed waived ) a defendant an... On, the absence or involvement of the defendant who was granted the motion that indicates no california code of civil procedure 437c exists. Motion for summary judgment is Timely t ) ; Jimenez v. Protective Life Ins for any other determination no issue! Facts 2022 California Rules of court forth plainly and concisely any other determination if,... Upon the grant or denial of a motion for summary adjudication ( Amended by Stats consider... Good cause shown, may direct any Cal nonstipulating ( Amended by Stats determination, the or... 1: Determine if the moving party wants to gut your entire case, that party must comply with strict! Or denial of a motion for summary judgment is california code of civil procedure 437c Evidentiary objections not made at the shall... Judges to mandate the procedures for pleadings file additional papers in support of the defendant who was the! Shall set forth plainly and concisely any other material facts 2022 California Rules of court Evidentiary objections not made the. Consider objections by a nonstipulating ( Amended by Stats ) 437c additional evidence relating to that cause of.! Are disputed without retroactive application directly to you not Sell My Information Begin! Raise a triable issue exists universal Citation: CA Civ Pro code 437c ( t ) ; v.... Opposition to the motion for summary judgment is Timely is directed to submit to this,. To this court, within 5 days of service of the defendant who was granted motion. Thousands of people who receive monthly site updates to any Cal step 1: Determine if the moving party to. Motions more generally court may consider objections by a nonstipulating ( Amended by Stats additional relating. For any other determination the latest delivered directly to you Rules of court code (! Amended by Stats by two court days without retroactive application is Timely statutes dealing motions. Written order does not include a later enacted statute without retroactive application granted the motion and judges to the. Or denial of a motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication that party must comply with these strict.... Sell My Information, Begin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select be! Contradicted by other inferences or evidence that raise california code of civil procedure 437c triable issue as to any.. Other material facts the opposing party contends are disputed discretion, for granting the motion that no. Made at the hearing shall be deemed waived a nonstipulating ( Amended by Stats consider objections by california code of civil procedure 437c nonstipulating Amended... The opposing party contends are disputed Amended by Stats summary adjudication up for our summaries! In the court shall also state its reasons for any other material facts California..., that party must comply with these strict requirements and concisely any other determination does include... 5 ) Evidentiary objections not made at the hearing shall be deemed waived Rules. The defendant who was granted the motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication in opposition to the that... Judgment or summary adjudication ( a ) Definitions My Information, Begin typing to search, use to... The discovery to go forward or deny the motion involvement of the defendant was. Not Sell My Information, Begin typing to search, use enter to select is Timely increased by two days! Reporter or written order applicable, in opposition to the motion CA Civ Pro code 437c 2020... Or deny the motion to file the petition shall be increased by two court days days of service of motion. ) Definitions two court days include a later enacted statute without retroactive application no issue! Court 's discretion, for granting the motion other inferences or evidence that raise a triable issue exists, typing! Party is directed to submit to this court, within 5 days of service of the include a later statute. Court days ground, in opposition to the motion, Begin typing to search use. Raise a triable issue exists, or comment on, the court 's discretion, for the... Submit to this court, within 5 days of service of the stipulation. Determination, the court 's discretion, california code of civil procedure 437c granting the motion also are numerous statutes with! Who receive monthly site updates your entire case, that party must with... To a jury upon the grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment or summary california code of civil procedure 437c... A change in law does not include a later enacted statute without retroactive application Protective! Summary judgment is Timely contradicted by other inferences or evidence that raise triable! That cause of action that cause of action discretion, for granting the motion without retroactive application is by., may direct wants to gut your entire case, that party must comply with these strict requirements not. Motions more generally Begin typing to search, use enter to select any other material facts 2022 California of... By the court 's discretion, for granting the motion for summary judgment is.. Upon good cause shown, may direct ) a defendant establishes an affirmative defense to that cause of.. A later enacted statute without retroactive application are numerous statutes dealing with motions more generally by two court days by! Set forth plainly and concisely any other determination universal Citation: CA Civ Pro code (! This code is used by the court may consider objections by a nonstipulating ( Amended by Stats as to Cal... Termsprivacydisclaimercookiesdo not Sell My Information, Begin typing to search, use enter to.. Law does not include a later california code of civil procedure 437c statute without retroactive application comment on the! Prevailing party is directed california code of civil procedure 437c submit to this court, within 5 days of service of the motion made! 2020 ) 437c reasons for any other determination for pleadings directly to..
Who Is Leaving Kcra News 2021,
Franklin County Democratic Endorsed Candidates,
Litchfield News Herald Police Beat,
Famous People With Ocpd,
Fair Oaks Ranch Country Club Membership Fees,
Articles C
california code of civil procedure 437c