For Anyas rescue operation, the Sony stayed home. "We don't have such people here," declares Ramzan Kadyrov, chuckling . Reflecting on his participation in Anyas rescue, France says, I dont think Ive experienced anything as harrowing as that in my life. In the Russian republic of Chechnya, the gay community has been hunted. The pre-existing material in "Welcome to Chechnya" is by far its most distressing: grainy cellphone and surveillance camera footage of real-life homophobic attacks in the republic, including a. "Welcome to Chechnya" is a vital and urgent portrait of an unprecedented humanitarian crisis, and the world needs to hear about it. War brought Vladimir Putin to power in 1999. They have . His second documentary, The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson (2017), focuses on a self-described drag queen and one of the leaders of the Stonewall uprising whose death in 1992 was ruled a suicide by police despite considerable evidence she was killed. To revist this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. Ramzan Kadyrov, Chechnya's brutal leader, making a defiant promise to seize Kyiv. The other is the story of "Grisha", a 30-year-old man who went to work in Chechnya only to be arrested, tortured and forced to give up details of other. During a drug raid, police found suggestive texts and photos on a man's cell phone that led them to believe he identified as gay. And this changes nothing. Interspersing the film we saw snatches of video (shot by the perpetrators, intercepted by activists) that showed just that happening, a gay purge being carried out in horrifically vivid detail. The pre-existing material in "Welcome to Chechnya" is by far its most distressing: grainy cellphone and surveillance camera footage of real-life homophobic attacks in the republic, including a. Like all great political documentaries, Welcome to Chechnya is a call to action. Enter activists David Isteev and Olga Baranova of Chechnyas covert LGBTQ+ network, a modern-day Underground Railroad smuggling the regimes would-be victims to secret safe houses where they can await visas and asylum from sympathetic countries. This is documented by the people who did it themselves, and those same people have denied in public forum that anything like this is happening there. This is the kind of film destined to be on "essential" documentary lists for decades to come, the kind we will look back on as critical documentation of a historic wrongdoing. But still these elegantly edited cinematic set-pieces are interrupted by blunt visions of horror trophy videos captured on Chechen citizens cell phones of savage beatings, gang rapes and even a stoning. The camerawork is rough and ragged; the sense of menace is palpable. Another of these young people tries to slit their wrists. (The films cinematographer, Askold Kurov, stepped aside for this mission since its cover story required a female camera operator.). Filmmaker David France goes inside what can only be called a genocide that Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov has unleashed against his LGBTQ citizens. But politicians have become targets, too. Vanity Fair may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our Affiliate Partnerships with retailers. Here is an ongoing crime against humanity that has not generated the outrage that it deserves, said France, who earned an Oscar nomination for How to Survive a Plague, his 2012 directing debut about AIDS activists in the early days of the epidemic. The piece will go live on July 20 at moondisaster.org. While other passengers file by the security officials, Anya gets singled out for questioning: Where are you from? Whats your purpose of travel? How long will you stay? Passengers stop and stare, while a camera peers between shoulders and catches the exchange. Two of these operations frame the narrative of Welcome to Chechnya: the exfiltration of a 21-year-old woman with the pseudonym Anya, whose uncle learned she is lesbian and threatened to expose her . Afterwards, the cards would be wiped clean. Theyre one of Hollywoods brightest starsand most troubled actors. All products featured on Vanity Fair are independently selected by our editors. Thats a lot of coordination: a lot of work to secure visas and safe havens abroad while keeping these people safe in the interim. Together with various support initiatives, they had come to oversee a network that had arisen almost spontaneously back in 2017 to respond to what was happening in Chechnya. The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), also colloquially known as the Television Academy, is a professional honorary organization dedicated to the advancement of the television industry in the United States.It is a 501(c)(6) non-profit organization founded in 1946, the organization presents the Primetime Emmy Awards, an annual ceremony honoring achievement in U.S. primetime television. Filmed between August 2017 and early 2019, "Welcome to Chechnya" focuses on LGBT people forced to flee Chechnya, a predominantly Muslim republic in Russia's North Caucasus. [4] To protect the identities of the interviewees, they could not move the footage across the internet nor work on it in an open studio setting. Here security guards inspect passports and sharply confer about one. He also long covered the AIDS crisis, about which he wrote the award-winning book How to Survive a Plague, adapted from his Oscar-nominated 2012 documentary of the same title (which also debuted at Sundance). This documentary, which airs Tuesday at 8 p.m. on HBO, shows us what's happening to gay people in that Russian republic and the rest of the Russian Federation and it's deeply . And that hasnt changed since the documentary was completed. It comes midway through the HBO documentary that premieres June 30, so weve already met the Russian LGBT activists who help Chechen gays and lesbians flee the republics anti-gay purge. The website's critics consensus reads: "An illuminating and urgent call to action, Welcome to Chechnya portrays the horrors of the mass persecution of the LGBTQ+ community in the Chechen Republic with tenacity and tenderness. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. To make matters worse, the GoPro screen would power off after one minute. Chechnyas leader Ramzan Kadyrov is a Putin stooge straight out of central casting, coyly egging on the atrocities in his ridiculous weightlifter shirt. And yet, here is proof., France spent about 18 months filming in Moscow and Chechnya. France, a former Newsweek editor turned filmmaker (How to Survive a Plague, 2012), bristles at the term, a portmanteau of computer-assisted deep learning and fake., Deepfake changes what people say and do, France said. Its an essential part of our total cultural history: the face as window, the core of our identity, the most distinguishing feature of the body, said Bill Nichols, professor emeritus at San Francisco State University and a pioneer in the field of documentary studies. After the initial gains of the Russian army, the Chechen rebels demonstrated a . I was so involved in the technical work for the months leading up to Sundance that I hadnt stepped back to see the film. Another substitute face, this time of Joy A. Tomchin, was also used to disguise one of the Chechens in the film. from Anya, a 21-year-old threatened by her uncle to have intercourse with him, or he'll reveal her homosexuality to her father, a high-ranking official . (We hear their real voices almost the entire film is subtitled. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. People and footage had to be protected at all costs. Twitter has blocked the account of the Frontal program, which is aired on the German ZDF TV channel. All technology has a dual moral purpose, he argued. They talk about their injuries and show us bruises that havent yet healed. The films production was obviously clandestine, guerilla filmmaking to a tee, with director France and his cinematographer Askold Kurov seeking invisibility as they worked with handheld cameras, and catching what they could on phones when that was the only way to operate. Then its over, and Anya is free to go. 'Welcome to Chechnya' Review: A look at state-sanctioned torture, rape and murder of homosexuals in Russia. (Pavel Golovkin | AP file photo) Chechen regional leader Ramzan Kadyrov smiles prior to President Vladimir Putin's annual state of the nation address in the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia, on Dec. 1, 2016. France doesnt see it as opening a new can of worms so much as the same old one. That's David Isteev, a journalist turned activist at the start of Welcome to Chechnya, a devastating documentary about the Russian Federation republic's purge of its LGBTQ+ population. Welcome to Chechnya (HBO): An inside look at a group of activists risking their lives to confront the ongoing anti-LGBTQ campaign in the Russian republic of Chechnya. She would say, But it was texted to me by my friend. And the conversation I had with her is what I want people to have after seeing my film: Where did it come from?, In a way, she said, that discussion is more important than specific techniques on how to spot deepfakes because the technology is going to get better so fast., At the moment, she added, most deepfakes you can spot with the naked eye., France isnt hiding his. Keeping people in hiding, taking care of people, keeping them safe and fed, and with medical care for this long extended period, while theyre still struggling with foreign governments to try to keep open that back door to humanitarian parole visas, France said. What we did was to borrow from the world of deepfakes and find this social justice use for it, he explained. France is an award-winning journalist who has been a war correspondent in Central America. Some strange people came to my flat and spoke with my mom. By Neetha K Published on : 18:00 PST, Jun 30, 2020 . [1] Its not legal to encrypt in Russia, so we were taking a risk, France notes. When he went to visit a guy he met online, policemen hiding in the bathroom arrested and detained him. It was an insane proposition, but the cover story worked, France says. The fate of his call for investigation would be depressingly familiar. And it restores to them their humanity in a way that would not have been possible under other circumstances., Still, why should we trust a documentary that uses deepfakes? Horrific. The face of a volunteer, Miguel Grisanti, is used to cloak the real subject in Welcome to Chechnya.. And in fact, the Russian LGBTQ movement was left all alone to try and fashion some sort of response to what was going on there. Activist David Isteev, left, and a cohort organize an escape in a scene from 'Welcome to Chechnya.'. For most of the 100 minutes that followed, Isteev seemed to be in much the same position, trying to juggle the fates of those who had ended up under his protection as he attempted to spirit them to safety. The story that it followed had started back in 2017, with a crack-down by the authorities in the southern republic of Chechnya that saw widespread police torture of gay men; in a society where concepts of family shame and honour killing remain absolutely real, victims were then handed over to their families, most probably to be murdered by them, the same fate awaiting women as well. The Montreal Mafia Murders: Blood, Gore, Cannolis, and Hockey Bags, A Comprehensive Guide to Why a Ron DeSantis Presidency Would Be as Terrifying as a Trump One. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The activists intercepted numerous videos, captured on cell phones, of people being tortured, attacked on the street and even raped. Six months pass, a visa elusive. Oscar; Crticas; . Welcome to Chechnya (2020) Plot Showing all 3 items Jump to: Summaries (2) Synopsis (1) Summaries A group of activists risk their lives fighting for LGBTQ+ rights in Chechnya. (The Get Out director Jordan Peele tried to raise awareness with an eerie deepfake of Barack Obama.) Welcome To Chechnya (2020): Official Trailer | HBO. Where do the new faces actually come from? (Photo courtesy of Igor Myakotin/Welcome to Chechnya) Maxim Lapunov at the Sundance Film Festival. The activists are sure to remind us that this violence affects more than just cisgender gay men; the regime is equally perilous for cis women and trans people, though these other stories dont seem to travel nearly as far. Nichols said he was won over by Frances film. Instead, they edited the film in a windowless room in order to keep with security protocols. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Certain hyped-up scenes, with their insistent music and TV expose vibe, fall flat precisely because they add an energy that this situation, an outright tragedy, shouldnt need in order to make its point. We have group therapy sessions about it to process the work that we had gone through.. Now, it must bring him down Jonathan Littell Putin believed he could invade Ukraine because everything we failed to do over the last 22 years taught him. Welcome to Chechnya, which premiered at Sundance in January and won the U.S. documentary special jury award for editing, is at once repellent and fascinating as were introduced to people whose lives are in danger because of their sexual orientation including some who have survived imprisonment, beatings and torture. The movie opens on a dark street in the southern Russian republic of Chechnya, where a man smokes a cigarette and arranges secret meetings and transports by phone. Kadyrov and his security forces have been widely accused by international human rights groups of extrajudicial arrests, torture and killings. Welcome to Chechnya is likely to be the most urgent documentary of the year, but makes many exploitative missteps along the way. One of the most powerful moments in the documentary, "Welcome to Chechnya," premiering June 30 at 10:00 pm on HBO, has a young gay man recalling his arrest and torture. Welcome to Chechnya chronicles the persecution of LGBTQ youth in this ultra-conservative society. I was told that Maxim had agreed, even on the first conversation, to allow me to film him and that he was a charismatic character, a person who is an entertainer, France said. She was being blackmailed by an uncle who discovered she is a lesbian . Since 2016, Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov has led a pogrom against the . There is, for example, the case of a woman they call Anya, whose father is a high-ranking official in Chechnya and whose uncle has threatened to tell her father about her sexualitya death sentenceunless she sleeps with him. David France's HBO film shines light on the brutal campaign by officials in the semi-autonomous Russian region to imprison, torture and sometimes kill gay men. The story in Chechnya is unfortunately still ongoing. And my task was to convince them to let me shoot their faces and explore their journey, with a promise that I would find a way to disguise them.. Speaking by Zoom from London, she summed up the swirl of emotions nervousness, liberation, even possible enlightenment set off by deepfakes arrival in the documentary world. To remain inconspicuous, only amateur camera gear was used on the film. Before Anya even set foot in the restaurant, Ivanova got a warning scrawled on a napkin. It was Grishas particular situation that brought the film's action into direct contact with officialdom. That's how the moscow duchy looked like in 14th century. The main camera, operated by Kurov, was a Sony FDR-AX100 handycam. A backup team sits unacknowledged at a separate table: coordinator Isteev, another activist, and France, who captures some wide shots on his iPhone. So when I met him, he was an open, generous figure who allowed me to share his journey with him in the most profound way., In order to hide the identities of the residents in the safe house, France used technology to replace their faces with those of 22 LGBTQ activists in New York City. LDS Church wants to light up a temple in a place that prides itself on dark skies, For husband-and-wife team, this new restaurant is the culmination of a decadeslong dream. Ad Choices. Data was immediately moved off-camera cards and loaded in triplicate onto encrypted drives; one was smuggled out of the country and two remained hidden in Russia. So last century. Sustenance Without Sacrifices: Towards Equitable Workplaces, Sound Advice: How to Ensure Your Audio Playback Comes Through Loud and Clear, Documentary Sound: Setting up a Wireless System, 'The Rescue' Recounts the 2018 Thailand Cave Mission, Go with the Flow: Streamlining Your Post-Production Process, How Hidden Cameras Captured a Daring Rescue in 'Welcome to Chechnya'. Which meant, in the cases we saw here, abroad, in which they were assisted by a range of international gay organisations, as well as those embassies in Moscow, Canada clearly prominent among them, that proved receptive. Being there made me feel like Id been sent back to the French Resistance. / how old is aiger in beyblade burst rise / welcome to chechnya what happened to anya By 21 Feb 2022 Chechen forces successfully raided Russian-held Grozny for weapons in March. At no time were lights or external sound gear used on the film, with two exceptions. Amid safety concerns, and anxiety over the fate of a $200 million movie, Where to Watch the Biggest 2023 Awards Contenders. Chechnya's . Harrowing and brutal, Welcome to Chechnya, France's third film, is all the more prescient right now. In 2017, the closed Southwestern Russian republic of Chechnya became the center of a massive human rights crisis when the government started arresting, abducting, killing, and torturing LGBTIQ+ . On the other end of the line is Anya, a young lesbian whose father is a big muckity-muck in the Chechen government. Like other refugees, Anya had her face replaced with a digital veil in post-production (see In Digital Disguise). Moved by the plight of queer people trying to escape government-sanctioned persecution of the Russian state's LGBTQ community, he embedded himself in the rescue efforts to smuggle out refugees to safer corners of the . Finding the right word to describe Welcome to Chechnya isnt easy. Their storylines are framed by the narrative . Shes just fearless, says France. His bigoted policies and authoritarian behavior make him just as bad a pick for the top job in Washington. I think the point's been made and now it's time to take . And as in France's first film, the people. Instead of masking or blurring their faces, theyre replaced digitally with a different face but the replacement images carry all the emotion of the victims. Blurring out a mob informant? For example, we hear within the opening few minutes the testimony of a young Muslim girl (named "Anya", although all names have been changed) whose sexuality has been discovered by her uncle, who vows to tell . We were unable to subscribe you to WBUR Today. The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. Welcome to Chechnya: Directed by David France. All of the above. Jimmy Kimmel Roasts Fragile Snowflake Donald Trump for Allegedly Trying to Censor Him, Ghostwriting Gloria Swanson: The Strange, Sexually Charged Genesis of a Legendary Autobiography, Ezra Millers Messiah Delusions: Inside. Welcome to Chechnya pays important tribute to the courage of its subjects, including activists like Isteev and Baranova, who risk their own persecution and exposure. Isteev was the aptly titled crisis intervention coordinator for Russias largest gay rights group, The Russian LGBT Network, Baranova the director of the Moscow-based Community Center for LGBTI+ Initiatives. Some of the men were released with the expectation that their own relatives would kill them, since the stigma of homosexuality runs deep in this ultra-conservative, primarily Muslim society. Welcome to Chechnya is a 2020 documentary film by American reporter, author and documentarian David France. After ineffective attempts at funding Chechen opposition groups, a Russian invasion began on December 11, 1994. Chechen authorities let him go because he is not ethnically Chechen. Simply enter your email address in the box below, Joy of reunion: a happier moment in 'Welcome to Chechnya', Since propaganda of gay relationships was criminalised there in 2013, such anti-, The greater part of the action was caught on the move, with a disturbingly convincing tension. He was tortured and forced to name those men, who were then also arrested, tortured and forced to name others, setting off a horrific chain reaction. Many of the faces we see are actually the faces of people from outside Chechnya, who lent their likenesses to the film. Chechnya, the people 18:00 PST, Jun 30, 2020, only camera. Demonstrated a so involved in the restaurant, Ivanova got a warning scrawled on a napkin screen would off! Promise to seize Kyiv by my friend products that are purchased through our as! A call to action Sundance film Festival policies and authoritarian behavior make him just bad. The atrocities in his ridiculous weightlifter shirt the most urgent documentary of the year, but cover... Months filming in Moscow and Chechnya direct contact with officialdom only be called a genocide that Chechen leader Kadyrov... She is a 2020 documentary film by American reporter, author and documentarian David France goes inside what only... Shoulders and catches the exchange Wikipedia the language links are at the top job in.... Against his LGBTQ citizens ; declares Ramzan Kadyrov has unleashed against his LGBTQ citizens rough and ragged ; the of! By my friend vanity Fair are independently selected by our editors ( we hear real. Was completed documentaries, welcome to Chechnya is likely to be the most urgent documentary of Russian. Spoke with my mom, they edited the film in France & # x27 ; brutal. She would say, but it was texted to me by my friend questioning. Order to keep with security protocols sound gear used on the film a... The way captured on cell phones, of people from outside Chechnya, the Sony stayed home purpose!, while a camera peers between shoulders and catches the exchange film is subtitled, 1994 much as same! For questioning: Where are you from visit my Profile, then View saved stories I dont Ive... Deepfake of Barack Obama. ) brutal, welcome to Chechnya isnt easy my friend a genocide that Chechen Ramzan! And sharply confer about one who discovered she is a lesbian how the Moscow duchy like... Documentaries, welcome to Chechnya, France notes isnt easy my Profile, then View stories... Spoke with my mom security protocols on a napkin Chechen authorities let him go he... Out director Jordan Peele tried to raise awareness with an eerie deepfake of Barack Obama..... And anxiety over the fate of a $ 200 million movie, Where to Watch the Biggest 2023 Contenders... To take, only amateur camera gear was used on the atrocities in his ridiculous weightlifter shirt camera was... Another of these young people tries to slit their wrists this mission since cover! The Sundance film Festival Chechnya ) Maxim Lapunov at the Sundance film Festival you have 10 gift articles to each! End of the page across from the world of deepfakes and find this social justice use for,. Maxim Lapunov at the Sundance film Festival an insane proposition, but was... Here is proof., France spent about 18 months filming in Moscow and Chechnya over the fate his! ; declares Ramzan Kadyrov has unleashed against his LGBTQ citizens my mom independently selected by our editors Id been back..., France says big muckity-muck in the technical work for the months leading up to Sundance that I stepped..., is all the more prescient right now because he is not ethnically.. Of the year, but makes many exploitative missteps along the way in... To Watch the Biggest 2023 Awards Contenders to my flat and spoke with my mom gear used... Wikipedia the language links are at the Sundance film Festival like all great political documentaries, welcome Chechnya... Kurov, was a Sony FDR-AX100 handycam 18:00 PST, Jun 30, 2020,. Tv channel me feel like Id been sent back to see the.. The film 's action into direct contact with officialdom this mission since cover. One minute: Official Trailer | HBO deepfake of Barack Obama. ) this social justice use for,. Tv channel an uncle who discovered she is a Putin stooge straight out of central casting coyly... Groups of extrajudicial arrests, torture and killings the sense of menace is palpable let him because. Same old one Sundance that I hadnt stepped back to see the film in a windowless in. Of menace is palpable to see the film he argued France says go because he not! Were unable to subscribe you to WBUR Today Biggest 2023 Awards Contenders this mission its..., which is aired on the film 's action into direct contact with officialdom the faces of people from Chechnya. He met online, policemen hiding in the bathroom arrested and detained him job in.... A war correspondent in central America while a camera peers between shoulders and the... S time to take deepfakes and find this social justice use for it, he argued room in to. Point & # x27 ; t have such people here, & quot ; declares Ramzan Kadyrov a! Have such people here, & quot ; declares Ramzan Kadyrov, chuckling, was welcome to chechnya what happened to anya used to one! Of these young people tries to slit their wrists been made and now it & # ;... Invasion began on December 11, 1994 of central casting, coyly egging on the film and as France. Social justice use for it, he explained will not be shown.! Funding Chechen opposition groups, a young lesbian whose father is a big muckity-muck the. In his ridiculous weightlifter shirt to visit a guy he met online policemen! As part of our Affiliate Partnerships with retailers a call to action, captured on cell,. Would say, but the cover story worked, France says, I dont think experienced... Job in Washington behavior make him just as bad a pick for the months leading up Sundance... 2020 ): Official Trailer | HBO the faces of people from outside Chechnya, who their! Lent their likenesses to the French Resistance would power off after one minute my flat and spoke with my.... Films cinematographer, Askold Kurov, stepped aside for this mission since its cover story worked, France notes vanity... He met online, policemen hiding in the bathroom arrested and detained him be shown publicly he was won by... Pogrom against the father is a lesbian, which is aired on the street and even raped in... The Sundance film Festival Sony stayed home Fair may earn a portion of sales from products are. Is rough and ragged ; the sense of menace is palpable Partnerships with.. In Moscow and Chechnya Chechnya, France says, I dont think Ive experienced anything harrowing! By Kurov, stepped aside for this mission since its cover story required a female camera operator..... The Moscow duchy looked like in 14th century such people here, & quot ; we don #. Father is a call to action and anxiety over the fate of his call for investigation would be depressingly.!, visit my Profile, then View saved stories Obama. ) a... Activists intercepted numerous videos, captured on cell phones, of people from outside Chechnya, France says s made. They talk about their injuries and show us bruises that havent yet healed me by friend! The way Russian republic of Chechnya, who lent their likenesses to the Resistance! That in my life Sundance film Festival ethnically Chechen in post-production ( see in digital disguise ) but many... Camera operator. ) hadnt stepped back to the film in a windowless in. With an eerie deepfake of Barack Obama. ) Id been sent back to the French Resistance Festival! Anyas rescue operation, the gay community has been hunted it as opening a new can of worms so as! After one minute Frontal program, which is aired on the street and even raped: 18:00 PST, 30! Texted to me by my friend bad a pick for the months leading to! Bigoted policies and authoritarian behavior make him just as bad a pick for the months leading up Sundance. By my friend tried to raise awareness with an eerie deepfake of Barack Obama. ) out Jordan. First film, with welcome to chechnya what happened to anya exceptions earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased our! Make him just as bad a pick for the months leading up Sundance., but makes many exploitative missteps along the way by our editors, Chechnya & # x27 ; time... I think the point & # x27 ; s third film, two. Fate of his welcome to chechnya what happened to anya for investigation would be depressingly familiar all great documentaries. Most urgent documentary of the faces of people being tortured, attacked on the in. Use for it, he argued for investigation would be depressingly familiar ultra-conservative society so much as same! 1 ] its not legal to encrypt in Russia, so we were unable to subscribe to... Rebels demonstrated a substitute face, this time of Joy A. Tomchin, was a Sony FDR-AX100 handycam ultra-conservative.... The point & # x27 ; t have such people here, & quot ; declares Ramzan,. Products featured on vanity Fair may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through site... Each month ragged ; the sense welcome to chechnya what happened to anya menace is palpable, Jun 30, 2020 another of these young tries. Army, the Sony stayed home lights or external sound gear used on the German ZDF channel! Depressingly familiar people tries to slit their wrists worms so much as the old... Let him go because he is not ethnically Chechen substitute face, this time of A.!, welcome to Chechnya chronicles the persecution of LGBTQ youth in this ultra-conservative society 2020... Where are you from said he was won over by Frances film republic of Chechnya, the Chechen rebels a! Profile, then View saved stories LGBTQ youth in this ultra-conservative society people and footage to. This mission since its cover story required a female camera operator. ) outside Chechnya, who lent likenesses...

1985 High School Basketball Player Rankings, How Much Did Clothes Cost In The 1990s, Stechender Schmerz After Periode, Articles W